Grade 12 chemistry

Unit Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

 know the types of solutions;

 understand the process of solution formation, the rate of solution, the heat of

solution and solubility;

 describe the dependence of solubility on the temperature and pressure of the

solution;

 know how to solve problems involving the concentration of solutions and to

express the result in various units;

 describe, the behaviour of ionic solute in unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated

solutions using the concept of equilibrium;

 prepare solutions of a required concentration by dissolving a solute or diluting

a concentrated solution;

 understand the relationship between the colligative properties of solutions and

know how to solve problems involving colligative properties of solutions;

 describe scientific inquiry skills along this unit: observing, classifying, comparing

and contrasting, measuring, asking questions, drawing conclusion, applying

concept and problem solving.

Unit Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

 understand the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and

bases;

 understand the dissociation of water, weak monoprotic and polyprotic acids,

and bases;

 know how to solve equilibrium problems involving concentration of reactants

and products, Ka, Kb, pH and pOH;

 understand the common-ion effect, buffer solutions, hydrolysis of salts, acidbase indicators and acid-base titrations;

 explain how buffering actions affect our daily lives, using some examples;

 determine the equivalents of acids and base, respectively, that are required to

neutralize specific amounts of base and acid;

 predict, in qualitative terms, whether a solution of a specific salt will be acidic,

basic or neutral;

 know how to solve problems involving concentration and pH of acid-base

titration; and

 describe scientific enquiry skills along this unit: classifying, communicating,

asking questions, applying concepts and making generalizations.

Unit Outcomes

After completing this unit, you will be able to:

 understand the terms system, open system, closed system and isolated system,

spontaneous process, state and path function, intensive and extensive property,

internal energy, heat and work;

 understand the first and second laws of thermodynamics;

 compare the energy change observed when chemical bonds are formed and

broken, and relate these changes to endothermic and exothermic reactions;

 identify ways in which the terms reactant, product, and heat are combined to

form thermodynamic equations representing endothermic and exothermic chemical

change;

understand concepts such as enthalpy change, entropy change and free-energy

changes;

 determine the spontaneity of a given reaction; and

 demonstrate scientific enquiry skills including: communicating, measuring, applying

concepts and asking questions.

Unit Outcomes

After completing this unit, you will be able to:

 understand the fundamental concepts related to oxidation-reduction reactions;

 know the application of redox reactions in the production of new substances and

electrical energy;

 demonstrate an understanding of fundamental concepts related to the

interconversion of chemical and electrical energy;

 understand the difference between metallic conduction and electrolytic

conduction;

 identify and describe the function of the components of Electrolytic and Galvanic

cells;

 understand the difference between electrolytic and Galvanic cells;

 know how to solve problems based on Faraday's first and second laws;

 measure, through experimentation, the mass of the metal deposited by

electroplating(example copper to copper (II) sulphate), and apply Faraday's Law

to relate the mass of the metal deposited to the amount of charge passed;

 predict spontaneity of redox reactions and overall cell potentials by studying a

table of half-cell reduction potentials;

 determine the emf of an electrochemical cell, experimentally or from given data;

 explain the application of electrochemistry in our daily lives and in industry;

 explain corrosion as an electrochemical process, and describe corrosion-inhibiting

techniques (e.g. painting, galvanizing, cathodic protection);

 describe examples of common Galvanic cells and evaluate their environmental

and social impact; and

 describe scientific enquiry skills: observing, classifying, comparing and

contrasting, communicating, asking questions, measuring, relating cause and

effect and problem solving

Unit Outcomes

After completing this unit, you will be able to:

describe the occurrence and abundance of the elements in nature;

explain how carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in nature;

understand metallurgical processes

understand the occurrence, extraction, chemical properties and uses of sodium,

calcium, tin, lead, zinc and chromium;

describe the occurrence, extraction, chemical properties and main uses of

silicon;

explain the major steps in the industrial production of ammonia, nitric acid,

sulphuric acid and diammonium monohydrogen phosphate; and

demonstrate scientific enquiry skills: classifying, communicating, asking questions,

relating cause and effect and making generalizations.

Unit Outcomes

After completing this unit, you will be able to:

 understand the processes of addition polymerization and condensation

polymerization ;

 list a variety of synthetic polymers and natural polymers and explain their

differences;

 classify synthetic polymers as addition polymers or condensation polymers

and identify their monomers;

describe monomers, properties and uses of plastics, rubbers, carbohydrates

and proteins;

 analyze the risks and benefits of the development of and application of

synthetic polymers (example, plastics) and suggest possible methods of

control;

demonstrate scientific enquiry including classifying, comparing and

contrasting, communicating, asking questions, applying concepts and making

generalizations.