By the end of this section you should be able to:
• List the major nutrients needed by the human body and their sources.
• List the main sources of some of the vitamins and minerals needed by the
human body.
• Carry out laboratory tests to identify different nutrient groups in a food
sample.
• Explain the concept of a balanced diet and what it involves.
• Define nutrition and malnutrition and describe the effects of malnutrition
on the human body.
• Understand the concept of height/weight tables and how they can be
used to help maintain a healthy body mass.
• Analyse a local diet and if necessary suggest ways in which it might be improved to become more balanced.
• Label a diagram of the human digestive system.
• Describe the functions of the structures of the human digestive system.
• Define enzymes and describe their role in the process of digestion.
• Describe the structure of the teeth and explain their importance.
• Describe the processes of digestion in the mouth, stomach and small
intestine.
• Demonstrate that starch digestion begins in the mouth using saliva and bread.
• Explain how the products of digestion are absorbed and assimilated by
the body.
• Discuss constipation, care with canned, bottled and packed foods and food hygiene as issues of digestive health.
• Explain the importance of breathing in humans.
• Describe the structure and functions of the human respiratory system.
• Examine the structure of a lung from an animal such as a cow or sheep.
• Explain the mechanism of breathing using a lung model.
• Explain the process of gas exchange.
• Demonstrate the presence of CO2
, water vapour and heat in exhaled air.
• Compare the composition of inhaled and exhaled air.
• List the factors which affect breathing and explain how they affect it.
• Explain the effects of cigarette smoking and inhaling gaya, suret and
shisha on health and on the economy of the family.
• List the methods of maintaining the hygiene of breathing.
• Describe the steps followed during artificial respiration and be able to
demonstrate these steps.
• Explain cellular respiration and describe the formation of ATP and its importance to the body.
• Define and compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and explain their importance in cells.
• Explain how oxygen and nutrients are transported in the blood.
• Indicate the structures of the heart on a diagram/model.
• Explain the functions of the structures of the heart.
• Examine a mammalian heart using fresh or preserved specimens.
• Take your own pulse, counting the heartbeats using your fingers.
• List the three types of blood vessels.
• Explain the functions of the blood vessels.
• Name the components of the blood.
• Tell the functions of the components of the blood.
• List the four blood groups.
• Indicate the compatibility of the four blood groups.
• Explain the causes and prevention of anaemia and hypertension.
