Grade 10 physics

By the end of this section you should be able to:

Define the angular momentum of a particle of mass m and write its SI unit. • State the law of conservation of angular momentum. • Solve problems using the law of conservation of angular momentum. • State the first and second conditions of equilibrium. • Solve problems related to conditions of equilibrium. • Define the term centre of mass (centre of gravity) of a solid body. • Determine the centre of gravity using a plumb-line method. • Define the terms stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium • State Newton's law of universal gravitation. • Determine the magnitude of the force of attraction between two masses separated by a distance r. Calculate the value of g at any distance above the surface of the Earth. • State Kepler's law of planetary motion Use Kepler's law of planetary motion to determine the period of any planet Differentiate between orbital and escape velocity of a satellite. • Determine the period of a satellite around a planet. • Calculate the orbital and escape velocity of a satellite. • Describe the period, position and function of a geostationary satellite 

• Define the term projectile (and provide several examples). Explain the difference between 1D and 2D motion. Correctly use the terms angle of elevation and angle of depression, and explain the importance of the angle when it comes to launching projectiles. Explain the effect gravity has on the motion of an object. Describe what happens to the horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile and the important characteristics of its flight. Demonstrate how to use the equations for uniform acceleration and to apply these to projectile motion. Define the term centre of mass. Conduct simple experiments to determine the centre of mass of 2D objects. List the characteristics of uniform circular motion Describe the relationships between radius, mass, forces and velocity for an object following a circular path. Define the terms angular and tangential displacement, and angular and tangential velocity. Express angles in terms of revolutions, radians and degrees. Define the term angular acceleration, and list its key characteristics. Identify the SI unit of angular velocity and angular acceleration Explain the relationships between angular displacement, tangential displacement, angular velocity, tangential velocity and angular acceleration. • Demonstrate how to use the equations of constant angular acceleration and compare them with equations of constant acceleration. + Define the moment of inertia of a point mass. Define rotational kinetic energy of a body. Solve simple problems relating to moment of inertia and rotational Kinetic energy Define the term torque. Identify the SI unit of torque, Nm, which is not the same as the joule. Express torque in terms of moment of inertia and angular acceleration. Derive an expression for the work done by the torque. Use the formula W-T to solve problems related to work done by torque 

By the end of this section you should be able to:

State the law of conservation of charge. Describe and explain the charging processes: charging by rubbing, conduction and induction. Perform an experiment to charge an electroscope by conduction and by induction. • Describe the distribution of charge on a conductor of variable shape. Explain how lightning is formed. Describe the use of a lightning rod. Describe how equipment works using electrostatics principles. Describe hazards and uses of electrostatics. Define an electric field. Represent diagrammatically the electric field lines around and between two points. • Distinguish between the electric field inside, outside and between surfaces of a spherical metallic conductor. State Coulomb's law. Compare Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation. Calculate the force acting on a charge due to two other charges placed on the same plane (line of action). Calculate the force between three charges placed in a line. Calculate the electric field strength at a point due to charges placed in a line and at right angles. Define electric potential and its SI unit. Distinguish between absolute potential and potential difference. Show that 1 N/C- 1 V/m. Explain equipotential lines and surfaces. Draw equipotential lines and surfaces in an electric field. Define the tern electric potential energy • Describe the structure of a simple capacitor. Define the term capacitance and its SI unit. Apply the definition of capacitance to solve numerical problems. Use the circuit symbol to represent a capacitor Explain the charging and discharging of a capacitor. Define the term dielectric and explain what is meant by a dielectric material. Identify combination of capacitors in series, parallel and series-parallel. Explain the effect of inserting a dielectric in the gap between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. 

Derive an expression for the effective capacitance of capacitors connected in series and parallel Draw an electric circuit diagram for a simple capacitor, series and parallel connections of two or more capacitors using symbols. Solve problems on combination of capacitors. Define parallel plate capacitor. Describe the factors that affect the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. Find an expression for the electric potential energy stored in a capacitor. Calculate the energy stored in a capacitor using one of three State some uses of capacitors in everyday life. 

By the end of this section you should be able to:
Define electric current and its SI unit. Explain the flow of electric changes in a metallic conductor. Calculate the number of electrons that pass a point in a given length of time when the current in the wire is known. Describe factors affecting the resistance of a conductor Write the relationship between resistance R. resistivityp, length and cross-sectional area A of a conductor. Calculate the resistance of a conductor using the formula R-pal/A. Find the relationship between resistivity and conductivity Construct and draw an electric circuit consisting of source, connecting wires, resistors, switch and bulb using their symbols. Explain why an ammeter should be connected in series with a resistor in a circuit Explain why a voltmeter should be connected in parallel across a resistor in a circuit Do experiments using an ammeter and a voltmeter to investigate the relationship between current and p.d. for metallic conductors at constant temperature Identify combinations of resistors in series, parallel and seriesparallel connection. Derive an expression for the effective resistance of resistors connected in series. Derive an expression for the effective resistance of resistors connected in parallel Calculate the effective resistance of resistors connected in series. Calculate the effective resistance of resistors connected in parallel Calculate the current through each resistor in simple series, parallel and series-parallel combinations. Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in simple series, parallel and series-parallel connections. Define the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a cell. Distinguish between e.m.f. and terminal potential difference (p.d.) of a cell Write the relationship between e.m.f., p.d., current and internal resistance in a circuit Use the equation V-E-Ir to solve problems in a circuit. Identify cell combinations in series and parallel. Compare the e.m.f. of combinations of cells in series and parallel

Define electrical energy and power in an electrical circuit. Find the relationship between kWh and joule. Use P-V-V/R - I'R to solve problems in electric circuits. . Use W-Vit - Ft-t/R to calculate electric energy dissipated in an electric circuit Calculate cost of electrical energy expressed in kWh. Understand the dangers of mains electricity Have some awareness of safety features incorporated in mains electrical installations Understand the nature of the generation and supply of electricity in Ethiopia Consider employment prospects in Ethiopia's electricity industry. 

By the end of this section you should be able to:
Describe a magnetic field Perform and describe an experiment to demonstrate the existence of a magnetic field around a current-carrying wire. Sketch the resulting magnetic field lines pattern of a current carrying wire. Apply the right-hand rule to determine the direction of magnetic field lines around a straight current-carrying wire. Calculate the magnetic field strength at a point due to a straight current-carrying wire. Sketch the magnetic field lines pattern of a current loop. Sketch the magnetic field lines pattern of a solenoid. Specify the polarity of a solenoid using the right-hand rule. Calculate the magnetic field strength at the centre of a solenoid. Describe the factors on which the force on a moving charge in a magnetic field depend. Demonstrate the relation - Oxfrom the fact that the centripetal force is provided by the magnetic force. Calculate the magnetic force acting on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field. Determine the direction of a force acting on a moving charge using the left-hand rule. Demonstrate the existence of a force on a straight current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. Derive the expression F- Bring from F-gv@sind Apply the left-hand rule to determine what will happen when current flows perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. Calculate the magnitude and direction of force between two parallel current-carrying conductors in a uniform magnetic field. Define the SI unit ampere. Draw a diagram to show the forces acting on a rectangular currentcarrying wire in a uniform magnetic field. Draw diagrams to show the action of a force on a simple d.c. motor and a moving coil galvanometer. Define magnetic flux and its SI unit. State Faraday's law of induction Perform simple experiments that demonstrate an induced e.m.f. is caused by changing magnetic flux.

State Lenz's law. Indicate the direction of induced currents, given the direction of motion of the conductor and the direction of a magnetic field. Describe the factors that affect the magnitude of induced em.f. in a conductor Describe the link between electricity and magnetism. Apply Faraday's law to calculate the magnitude of induced e.m.f. Define inductance and its SI unit. Distinguish between self- and mutual inductance. Apply the definition of inductance to solve simple numerical problems. Explain the action of the simple a... genesator. Compare the actions of d.c. and ac. generators. Draw a diagram of a transformer. Give a simple explanation of the principles on which a transformer operates Identify that, for an ideal transformer, Show that, for an ideal transformer, V/V - N/ Apply the transformer formulae to solve simple problems.

By the end of this section you should be able to:
Define the term electronics State the importance of electronics in your daily life. State what is meant by thermionic emission. Describe the behaviour of vacuum tubes. Describe the function of a cathode ray tube. Describe the use of a cathode ray tube. Represent both d.c. and a... on current-time or voltage-time graphs. Use the current-time or voltage-time graphs to find the period and frequency of alternating currents or voltages. Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Give examples of semiconductor elements. Distinguish between instrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Describe a semiconductor in terms of charge carriers and resistance Explain doping to produce the two types of semiconductors Indentify semiconductors as p-type and n-type. Describe the mode of conduction by the majority and minority carriers. Define the term diode and show its circuit symbol. Draw a current versus voltage characteristics (graph) to show the behaviour of p-n junction. Describe how a semiconductor diode can be used in a half-wave rectification. Sketch voltage time graphs to compute the variation of voltage with time before and after rectification Distinguish between direct current from batteries and rectified alternating current by consideration of their voltage-time graphs. Show the circuit symbols of semiconductor devices such as thermistor, LED, LDR and transistors. Distinguish between p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. Identify the base, emitter and collector of a transistor Use the following terms correctly: forward biased and reverse biased Describe the behaviour of semiconductor devices such as thermistor, LED, LDR, photodiode and transistors. Use the circuit symbols for the gates. Draw the truth tables for the different logic gates and for a combination of logic gates. Explain the action of logic gates: NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND.

By the end of this section you should be able to:
Explain how electromagnetic waves are produced. Describe the nature of electromagnetic waves. Compare mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Draw diagrams to represent transverse waves. Use straight lines to represent the direction of energy flow (rays). Identify that electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun have a wide continuous range of frequencies and wavelengths). Explain some uses of electromagnetic radiation Explain what is meant by the rectilinear propagation of light. State the laws of reflection, Perform experiments to test the laws of reflection using a plane mirror Use the laws of reflection to explain how images are formed in a plane mirror. Find the position of a virtual image produced by a plane mirror using a ray tracing method. Use the laws of reflection to solve problems. Give examples of the use of plane mirrors. Distinguish between concave and convex mirrors. Identify the meanings of: principal axis, principal focus, radius of curvature, magnification in relation to concave and convex mimors. Distinguish between real and virtual images. Apply the appropriate sign convention when using mirror equations. Find the position and nature of the image formed by a concave and a convex mirror using the mirror equation and a ray tracing method. Use the relation magnification -- to solve problems. Give examples of the uses of curved (concave and convex) mirrors. Define the term refraction. State the conditions in which refraction occurs. Define the refractive index of a material Use Snell's law to solve simple problems Use the formula refractive index - real depth apparent depth to find the refractive index of a liquid and a solid in the form of a rectangular glass block. Perform experiments to test the laws of refraction. Draw a diagram representing the passage of light rays through a rectangular glass block. Give examples of observations that indicate that light can be frared 

DECE Identify that the passage of a ray of light through a parallel-sided transparent medium results in the lateral displacement of a ray. Define the critical angle Explain, with the aid of a diagram, what is meant by critical angle and total internal reflection Identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection to Perform calculations involving critical angle and total internal reflection Describe how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres. Distinguish between convex and concave lenses. Identify the meaning of: principal focus, principal axis, focal point, radius of curvature, magnification in relation to converging and diverging lenses Apply the appropriate sign convention when using thin lens equations. Find the position and nature of the image formed by a convex and concave lens using the thin lens formula and a ray tracing method. Define the power of a lens. Explain how the image is formed due to combination of thin lenses. Draw a ray diagram to show how images are formed by lenses in a simple microscope and a simple telescope. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the human eye and the camera. Describe how the human eye forms an image on the retina for different object distances, Identify some defects of the eye and their correction with lenses. Explain what is meant by the dispersion of white light to produce a spectrum Identify that the passage of a ray of light through a triangular transparent prism results in a deviation of a ray.